Killer Differentials

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Bradycardia: DDx

Key Points Common Offenders: Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin often top the list of medication-induced bradycardia. High Vagal Tone or AV Block can arise from structural heart disease, ischemia,…

Abnormal P Wave Axis: DDx

Key Points Normal Sinus Rhythm: In a normal rhythm, the sinus node initiates atrial depolarization, resulting in a P wave with a normal axis: upright in lead II, inverted in…

Low Voltage QRS: DDx

Key Points: Definition: Low voltage QRS complexes reflect decreased myocardial electrical amplitude on ECG. Sensitive Definition (Preferred): Limb leads (I + II + III) sum < 15 mm OR precordial…

Wide QRS Bradyarrhythmia: DDx

Key Point Wide QRS bradycardias usually reflect infranodal conduction disease (His–Purkinje or below), making them much more dangerous than narrow QRS bradycardias. These rhythms often lead to hemodynamic instability and…

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