Basics & Fundamentals
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Dextrocardia
Key Points Dextrocardia: A congenital condition where the heart is located on the right side of the chest. Situs Inversus Totalis: A complete reversal of thoracic and abdominal organs, including…
Long QT Interval DDx
Key Points The QT interval is the time from the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave. It represents the total time for ventricular depolarization…
T Wave Basics (ventricular repolarization)
Key Points Definition: T waves represent ventricular repolarization, the process by which the heart’s ventricles reset electrically after a heartbeat. Normal Characteristics: A normal T wave is upright in most…
Torsades de Pointes (TDP)
Key Points Definition: Torsades de Pointes (TdP) is a specific type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) associated with a prolonged QTc interval. Risk: The rhythm may terminate spontaneously but can…
Short QT Syndrome
Key Points Short QT Syndrome (SQTS) is a rare condition characterized by a shortened QT interval on the ECG, increasing the risk of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, including sudden cardiac…
R Wave Basics
Key Points Definition: The R wave is the first positive deflection seen on the ECG during the QRS complex, representing early ventricular depolarization. R Wave Transition Zone: Normally, the R…
Congenital Long QT Syndrome
Key Points Congenital Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by a prolonged QT interval on ECG, leading to an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and…
Acquired Long QT Syndrome
Key Points Acquired Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is the most common form of LQTS, resulting from medications, electrolyte disturbances, or underlying medical conditions. High-risk factors include the use of multiple…
Himalayan T waves
Key Points Himalayan T waves are a peculiar T wave abnormality characterized by T wave/U wave fusion, resulting in a mountain peak-like appearance on the ECG. This pattern is strongly…
AVB: 2nd Degree, “High-Grade or Advanced AV Block”
Key Points High-Grade AV Block Overview: High-grade AV block, also known as advanced AV block, is a severe form of 2nd degree AV block where multiple P waves fail to…
Normal STAT ECG
Key Points Normal 12-Lead ECG: A normal ECG obtained in emergent settings does not rule out life-threatening conditions. Hidden Pathologies: Some critical diagnoses, such as early occlusion myocardial infarction (MI),…
Lead Misplacement
Key Points Proper lead placement is critical to avoid misdiagnoses that can adversely affect patient care and records Pay attention to R wave progression and incorporate looking for proper lead…
Atrioventricular Blocks (AVB) Summary
Key Points Conduction Abnormalities Overview: Heart blocks, categorized based on location, include sinoatrial block (SA junction), intra-atrial block (within the atria), atrioventricular block (AVB, at the AV node, His bundle,…
AVB: 2nd degree, 2:1 Conduction
Key Points 2:1 Conduction Overview: This specific type of 2nd degree AV block is characterized by every other P wave being non-conducted, leading to a 2:1 conduction pattern. Diagnostic Challenge:…
QRS Morphology & Proportionality
Key Points QRS Morphology: The shape and duration of the QRS complex offer critical insights into the heart’s conduction pathways and the integrity of the ventricles. Proportionality: The relationship between…
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)
Key Points Definition: RVH refers to the thickening of the right ventricular muscle, often due to chronic pressure overload conditions like pulmonary hypertension or congenital heart disease. ECG Features: Look…
Terminal QRS Distortion
Key Points Early Repolarization (ER): A common ECG finding that can produce widespread ST-segment elevation, often mimicking STEMI or acute pericarditis. ST Segment Morphology: Convex and horizontal ST-segment morphology is…
Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) Mimics
Key Points Wide Complex Tachycardias (WCT): When encountering a wide complex (QRS > 120ms) tachycardia with regular rhythm, the initial assumption should be ventricular tachycardia (VT) until proven otherwise. VT…
Catecholaminergic Polymorphic VT (CPVT)
Key Points Definition: CPVT is a rare hereditary form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) that is often triggered by emotional or physical stress, leading to potentially fatal arrhythmias such as…
Persistent Juvenile T wave Pattern
Key Points Normal Variant: Persistent Juvenile T Wave Pattern is a normal variant characterized by T wave inversions in the anterior precordial leads, typically seen in healthy children and young…
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