Basics & Fundamentals

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Slow Atrial Fibrillation

Key Points Definition: Atrial fibrillation with a slow ventricular response, usually < 60 bpm. ECG: Irregularly irregular rhythm, no discrete P waves, slow R-R intervals. Common causes: AV-nodal blockers (digoxin,…

Unifasicular Block

Key Points Definition: Unifascicular block refers to conduction delay or interruption in a single fascicle of the ventricular conduction system: the right bundle branch (RBB), left anterior fascicle (LAF), or…

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Key Points ECG Findings in PE: No single ECG pattern is diagnostic of acute PE, and ECG findings are typically nonspecific. However, certain ECG patterns, especially those indicating right heart…

QRS Voltage: Basics

Key Points: Definition: QRS voltage represents the amplitude (height) of the QRS complex on ECG, reflecting ventricular electrical activity during depolarization. High Voltage: Increased QRS voltage typically indicates ventricular hypertrophy—most…

Abnormal P Wave Axis: DDx

Key Points Normal Sinus Rhythm: In a normal rhythm, the sinus node initiates atrial depolarization, resulting in a P wave with a normal axis: upright in lead II, inverted in…

Sodium Channel Blocker Toxicity

Key Points: Recognizing the Danger: Sodium channel blocker toxicity can present with a variety of ECG changes that are critical to recognize, especially in patients with altered mental status or…

QRS Fragmentation (fQRS)

Key Points Definition: QRS fragmentation (fQRS) refers to the presence of additional notches or spikes within the QRS complex, observed in at least two contiguous leads corresponding to a specific…

EMS ECGs in Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)

Key Points for EMS Providers: You are the first critical link in the chain of survival for ACS patients—your actions set the course for their care, directly impacting time to…

Congenital Long QT Syndrome

Key Points Congenital Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by a prolonged QT interval on ECG, leading to an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and…

Acquired Long QT Syndrome

Key Points Acquired Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is the most common form of LQTS, resulting from medications, electrolyte disturbances, or underlying medical conditions. High-risk factors include the use of multiple…

Subtle ST Segment Elevation: OMI Pattern

Key Points: ACS Dynamics: Occluded arteries in ACS can spontaneously reperfuse and reocclude, making ECG findings variable. Limitations of Computer Interpretation: Subtle STE is often missed by computerized ECG interpretation;…

Ectopic Atrial Rhythm

Key Points Definition: Ectopic atrial rhythms occur when atrial depolarization originates from a site other than the sinoatrial (SA) node, producing P waves with abnormal morphology and axis on ECG….

Brugada Syndrome (BrS)

Key Points: Life-Threatening Sodium Channelopathy: Predisposes to ventricular arrhythmias (VF/VT) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), often in otherwise “healthy” hearts. When to Suspect BrS: Patients with syncope, unexplained “seizures,” ventricular…

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