Basics & Fundamentals
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Inverted U waves
Key Points Normal U Waves: Small (< 0.5 mm) deflections following the T wave, usually in the same direction, best seen in leads V2-V3. Their amplitude is typically ~10% of…
Terminal QRS Distortion (OMI Pattern)
Key Points Early Repolarization (ER): A common ECG finding that can produce widespread ST-segment elevation, often mimicking STEMI or acute pericarditis. ST Segment Morphology: Convex and horizontal ST-segment morphology is…
Hypermagnesemia
Key Points ECG Red Flags: Flattened P waves, prolonged PR/QT, peaked T waves, risk of AV block or asystole. Neuromuscular Suppression: Hyporeflexia, progressing to muscle weakness, respiratory depression, and potential…
J wave Basics
Key Points Definition: A J wave, also known as an Osborn wave, is a positive deflection immediately following the QRS complex at the J point. J waves are distinct from…
ST Segment Basics
Key Points Definition: The ST segment is the flat, isoelectric section of the ECG between the end of the QRS complex and the beginning of the T wave, representing the…
Left Anterior Fascicular Block (LAFB)
Key Points Anatomy of the Left Bundle Branch: The left bundle branch divides into two main fascicles: the left anterior fascicle (LAF) and the left posterior fascicle (LPF), both of…
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)
Key Points Pathophysiology: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a condition in which the muscle wall of the left ventricle becomes thickened due to chronic pressure overload, often from hypertension or…
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)
Key Points Definition: Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) is a rare type of irregularly irregular supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) characterized by the presence of at least three or more different P wave…
PR Interval Basics
Key Points Definition: The PR interval is the time from the start of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex, representing the time it takes for the…
PR Segment Basics
Key Points Definition: The PR segment is the part of the ECG tracing between the end of the P wave and the start of the QRS complex, representing the delay…
Preexcitation Syndromes
Key Points Definition: Preexcitation syndrome, often synonymous with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, occurs when ventricular preexcitation is caused by a congenital accessory pathway in patients with symptomatic arrhythmias. Clinical Relevance: WPW…
Ventricular Flutter
Key Points Definition: Ventricular flutter is a rapidly fatal cardiac arrest rhythm, closely related to ventricular fibrillation, requiring immediate defibrillation and high-quality CPR. Characteristics: It is marked by regular, continuous…
TP Segment Basics
Key Points The isoelectric baseline of the ECG that spans from the end of ventricular repolarization (T wave) to the start of atrial depolarization (P wave) Used as a reference…
U Wave Basics
Key Points Definition: U waves are small, rounded waves that follow the T wave on the ECG, most commonly seen in the precordial leads (V2-V3). They are less frequently discussed…
S wave Basics
Key Points Definition: S waves are the first negative deflections following the R wave in the QRS complex, representing the late stages of ventricular depolarization. Normal vs. Abnormal: In a…
Delta Waves
Key Points Definition: Delta waves are slurred upstrokes at the beginning of the QRS complex, representing early ventricular depolarization through an accessory pathway. Associated Condition: Delta waves are a hallmark…
Barcelona Criteria
Key Point Challenge of Diagnosis in LBBB and RV Pacing: Both left bundle branch block (LBBB) and right ventricular (RV) paced rhythms can obscure the ECG identification of acute myocardial…
RV Outflow Tract Tachycardia (RVOT)
Key Points Origin: RVOT tachycardia is a type of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) that originates from the right ventricle or tricuspid annulus. Patient Population: It is most often idiopathic, occurring…
Bifasicular Block
Key Points Definition: Bifascicular block = conduction block in any two of the three ventricular fascicles: right bundle branch (RBB), left anterior fascicle (LAF), or left posterior fascicle (LPF). OMI…
Bundle Branch Blocks
Key Point Types of Bundle Branch Blocks (BBBs): The two primary types of BBBs are Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) and Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB). Pseudo ST Deviation: BBBs…
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