Basics & Fundamentals

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Brugada Syndrome (BrS)

Key Points Life-Threatening Sodium Channelopathy: Predisposes to ventricular arrhythmias (VF/VT) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), often in otherwise “healthy” hearts. When to Suspect BrS: Patients with syncope, unexplained “seizures,” ventricular…

Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)

Key Points Definition: LBBB occurs when electrical conduction through the left bundle branch is delayed or blocked, resulting in asynchronous and delayed activation of the left ventricle (LV) and a…

Hypomagnesemia

Key Points Prolonged QT & PR Intervals significantly increase the risk of torsades de pointes and other arrhythmias. Atrial & Ventricular Ectopy is common; can progress to life-threatening ventricular tachycardia….

Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM)

Key Points Definition & Terminology:  Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM), previously known as Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia (ARVC/D), is an inherited disorder characterized by progressive fibrofatty replacement of the ventricular myocardium, predominantly…

Atrial Parasystole

Key Points Definition: A rare arrhythmia in which a secondary atrial focus fires at its own inherent rate, largely “shielded” from sinus node impulses. Characteristic ECG Finding: Two distinct P-wave…

Upright T Waves in V1

Key Point Normal T Wave in V1: The normal ECG typically shows a flat or inverted T-wave in lead V1. Upright T-Wave Abnormality: An upright T-wave in V1 (TV1) should…

WPW with Antidromic SVT

Key Points WPW Syndrome: Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a condition characterized by ventricular pre-excitation due to a congenital accessory pathway in patients with symptomatic arrhythmias. ECG Recognition: The classic WPW…

WPW with Orthodromic SVT

Key Points WPW syndrome is caused by congenital ventricular pre-excitation via an accessory pathway. The classic sinus rhythm pattern includes a short PR interval, delta wave, and a widened QRS,…

Barcelona Criteria: OMI Pattern

Key Point Challenge in LBBB and RV Pacing: Both left bundle branch block (LBBB) and right ventricular (RV) paced rhythms alter ventricular depolarization and repolarization, making recognition of acute myocardial…

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