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Search the red box above to find what you are looking for, or browse our ECG criteria & findings organized alphabetically by diagnosis below:

Abnormal P wave Axis DDx

Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm (AIVR)

Acute Chest Pain DDx


Acute Coronary Syndromes


Acute Pericarditis vs. STEMI


Altered Mental Status Emergencies


Appropriate Discordance


Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy or Dysplasia (ARVC/ARVD)


Artifact


Artifact vs. STEMI

Artifact vs. Ventricular Rhythms

Ashman Phenomenon


Atrial Fibrillation (Afib)


Atrial Fibrillation with RVR


Atrial Fibrillation with WPW


Atrial Flutter


Atrial Flutter with 1:1 Conduction


Atrial Flutter with 2:1 Conduction


Atrial flutter with Variable Conduction


Atrial septal defects (ASD) & Crochetage Pattern


Atrial Tachycardia


Atrioventricular Blocks (AVB) Summary


AVB: 1st degree


AVB: 2nd degree, "High-grade AV block"


AVB: 2nd degree, 2:1 Conduction


AVB: 2nd degree, Mobitz I (Wenckebach)


AVB: 2nd degree, Mobitz II (Hay)


AVB: 3rd degree, Complete Heart Block


aVR: Left Main or Proximal LAD Occlusion & Multivessel Disease


Axis Basics


Barcelona Criteria


BBBs and Paced Rhythms vs. STEMI

Beta Blocker Toxicity

Bidirectional Ventricular Tachycardia


Bifascicular Block


Blocked Premature Atrial Complexes (PACs)


Bradycardia DDx


Bradycardia-Tachycardia Syndrome


BRASH Syndrome


Brugada Syndrome


Bundle Branch Blocks

Cannabis (Marijuana) Toxicity

Catecholaminergic Polymorphic VT (CPVT)

Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity

Causes of LBBB DDx

Cerebral T waves

Clumped or Grouped Beats DDx


Classic STEMI Criteria

Cocaine Toxicity

de Winter T waves: OMI pattern


Delta waves


Dextrocardia

Diffuse ST Elevation DDx


Digoxin Toxicity


Dysrhythmias in patients with LVADs


Earliest ECG evidence of Occlusion MI


Early Reciprocal Changes


Early Repolarization


Early Repolarization vs. STEMI

ECG Basics

ECG Basics & Fundamentals


ECG evidence of reperfusion after MI


Ectopic Atrial Rhythm


Electrical Alternans


Extreme Axis Deviation

Electrical Storm

Epsilon waves

Extreme Axis Deviation DDx


Fasicular Blocks

Fascicular Ventricular Tachycardia


Flutter Waves (F waves)


Fusion Beats


Heart Rate & Rhythm Interpretation


Hypercalcemia


Himalayan T waves


Hyperkalemia


Hyperkalemia Emergencies


Hyperkalemia vs. STEMI


Hypermagnesemia


Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM)


Hypocalcemia


Hypokalemia


Hypokalemia Emergencies


Hypomagnesemia


Hypothermia


Indeterminate QRS Axis

Indeterminate QRS Axis DDx

Intervals

Inverted U waves

Isoelectric segment of the ECG


Intraventricular Conduction Delay


Irregularly Irregular Rhythms


Ischemia & Infarction


J Point


J waves (Osborn)


Junctional Escape Rhythms

Large T wave DDx

Lead Placement & Misplacement

Left Anterior Fasicular Block


Left Atrial Enlargement (LAE)

Lewis Lead (Modified ECG Lead)

LVH vs. STEMI


Left Axis Deviation

Left Axis Deviation DDx


Left Bundle Branch Block


Left Posterior Fasicular Block

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)

Long QT Interval DDx

Long QT Syndrome

Low Voltage QRS DDx


LV Aneurysm


LV aneurysm vs. STEMI

Massive Pulmonary Embolism


Metabolic Emergencies

Methamphetamine Toxicity

Modified Sgarbossa Criteria


Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia

Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)


Narrow QRS Bradycardia

Narrow & Regular Tachycardia DDx

Narrow & Irregular Tachycardia DDx

Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia


Normal Cardiac Conduction


Normal ECG


Normal QRS Axis


Normal Sinus Rhythm


Occlusion MI: STEMI & Beyond


OMI Pattern: Aslanger Pattern


OMI Pattern: Hyperacute T waves


OMI Pattern: STD in V1-V4


OMI Patterns in Left Bundle Branch Block


OMI Patterns in Ventricular Paced Rhythms


OMI Patterns: STEMI (-) Occlusion MI

Opiate Toxicity

Osborn Waves


Paced Rhythms


Pediatric ECGs


Pericardial Effusion

Pericardial Tamponade

Pericarditis

Persistent Juvenile T wave Pattern


Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia


Poor R wave Progression


Post-Thrombolytic Reperfusion


Posterior STEMI Criteria


Preexcitation Syndromes


Premature Atrial Complexes (PACs)


Premature Complexes (PACs, PJCs, PVCs)


Premature Junctional Complexes (PJCs)


Premature Ventricular Complexes (PVCs)


Pseudo-Wellens Waves


Pseudonormalization of T waves


Pulmonary Embolism


Pulse-Tapping Artifact


QRS Axis, Voltage, & Morphology


QRS Complex Duration


QRS Fragmentation

R on T Phenomenon

Regular Rhythms


Regularly Irregular Rhythms


Right Atrial Enlargement (RAE)


Right Axis Deviation


Right Bundle Branch Block


Right Ventricular STEMI Criteria


Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)


RV Outflow Tract Tachycardia (RVOT)


Severe Hypothermia


Short QT Syndrome


Sinoatrial Exit Block


Sinus Arrest


Sinus Arrhythmia


Sinus Bradycardia


Sinus Node Dysfunction (Sick Sinus Syndrome)


Sinus Tachycardia


Slow Atrial Fibrillation


Slow Ventricular Tachycardia


Sodium Channel Blocker Toxicity

Spiked Helmet Sign (SHS)

STEMI Mimics


Subtle ST Elevation


Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)


T wave Alternans


Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy


Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy vs. STEMI


Terminal QRS Distortion


Torsades de Pointes


Toxicologic Emergencies


Trifascicular Block

Understanding ECG Artifacts

Unstable Bradydysrhythmias


Unstable Tachydysrhythmias


Upright T wave in V1: OMI Pattern


Ventricular Escape Rhythms


Ventricular Fibrillation


Ventricular Flutter


Ventricular Rhythms


Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)


VT Mimics


VT vs. SVT with Aberrancy


Wellens Syndrome


Wide QRS Bradydysrhythmia


Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome (WPW)


WPW vs. STEMI


WPW with Antidromic SVT


WPW with Orthodromic SVT

KEY CLINICAL PEARLS:

  • Systematic ECG Interpretation: Always approach ECG interpretation systematically, using this guide as a reference to ensure no critical findings are missed.
  • Think Beyond the ECG: Remember that ECG findings are just one piece of the puzzle. Integrate them with clinical data for a comprehensive assessment of the patient.
  • Continuous Learning: The field of ECG interpretation is dynamic, with new criteria and findings emerging over time. Use this guide as a living document, and stay updated with the latest advancements in cardiac care.