Key Points: The ECG’s primary role in ACS is detecting acute coronary occlusion. Acute coronary occlusion myocardial infarction (OMI) is a time-critical diagnosis that requires immediate reperfusion. Time is myocardium….
Key Points: Traditional STEMI criteria miss many acute coronary occlusions. A substantial proportion of true OMIs do not meet classic millimetric STEMI thresholds. OMI is a pathophysiologic diagnosis, not an…
Key Points: Pattern, not a STEMI equivalent. ST elevation in aVR (≥1 mm), often with ST elevation in V1 and diffuse ST depression (≥1 mm in ≥6 leads), represents high-risk…
Key Points: Most missed occlusion MI. Isolated posterior occlusion MI is frequently missed because the standard 12-lead ECG often lacks ST elevation. Instead, posterior injury appears as reciprocal anterior ST…
Key Points ACS is dynamic. Coronary arteries can occlude, partially reperfuse, and re-occlude over minutes to hours, and the ECG can show these shifts before biomarkers do. The earliest actionable…
Key Points STEMI criteria alone miss some acute coronary occlusions, so look for subtle “occlusion clues,” not just traditional STEMI criteria cutoffs. Minor ST elevation under 1 mm paired with…
Key Points Think proximal LAD / septal ischemia until proven otherwise when a patient with ischemic symptoms develops new RBBB + LAFB, especially with hemodynamic instability. Do not “normalize” ST…
Key Points: Complexity of ACS: Arteries can spontaneously reperfuse or re-occlude. Understanding early ECG patterns of early acute ischemia can help detect dynamic changes and prompt rapid interventions. ECG Pattern…
Key Points: What it is: In V2 or V3, there is no S wave (the R does not descend below the PQ baseline) and no J wave (no notch/slur at…
A 76-year-old man presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath, severe weakness, diaphoresis, and confusion. The following ECG is obtained on arrival:
Key Points: STEMI Diagnosis and Contiguous Leads: While current guidelines typically require ST elevation (STE) in at least two contiguous leads for the diagnosis of STEMI, this practice is not…
Key Points Definition: The precordial swirl sign refers to a rotational pattern of ST-segment abnormalities across the precordial leads, suggesting a dynamic and evolving occlusion myocardial infarction (OMI). It is…
Key Points ACS Dynamics: Occluded arteries in ACS can spontaneously reperfuse and reocclude, making ECG findings variable. Limitations of Computer Interpretation: Subtle STE is often missed by computerized ECG interpretation;…
Key Points Pattern Recognition: The South African Flag Sign is characterized by: ST-segment elevation (STE) in leads I, aVL, and V2. ST-segment depression in lead III. Subtle but visually distinctive…
Key Point Challenge in LBBB and RV Pacing: Both left bundle branch block (LBBB) and right ventricular (RV) paced rhythms alter ventricular depolarization and repolarization, making recognition of acute myocardial…