P Wave
Results:
Right Atrial Enlargement (RAE)
Key Points: RAE reflects increased right atrial size or pressure load and is usually a marker of underlying pulmonary or right-sided cardiac disease. The classic ECG clue is a tall,…
Too Many P Waves (P:QRS>1): DDx
Key Points: Non-conducted P waves (too many P waves) occur when atrial impulses fail to conduct to the ventricles. Automated ECG interpretations are unreliable in irregular rhythms and with non-conducted…
P Wave: Basics
Key Points: Definition and measurement: The P wave is atrial depolarization. Measure duration from initial deflection to return to baseline and amplitude from baseline to peak. Normal values: Duration <120…
Sinus Arrest
Key Points Definition: Sinus pause/arrest is failure of the sinus node to generate an impulse, producing a transient absence of P waves. On ECG the pause does not equal an…
Not Enough P Waves (P:QRS < 1): DDx
Key Points Fewer P waves than QRS complexes: This means impulses are originating from below the atria (junctional, ventricular, or paced), or from ectopy interrupting sinus rhythm. Clinical relevance: In…
No Clear P Waves: DDx
Key Points Absence of Sinus Rhythm: The lack of clear P waves before the QRS complexes suggests loss or dysfunction of sinus activity. Potential Causes: This pattern can result from…
Sinus Tachycardia
Key Points Definition: Sinus tachycardia is a regular rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, defined by a heart rate >100 bpm in adults or above age-adjusted norms in children….
Sinus Bradycardia
Key Points: Definition: Sinus bradycardia is a rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node with a rate < 60 bpm. Physiological Occurrence: Common in young, healthy adults, athletes, and during…
Abnormal P Wave Axis: DDx
Key Points Normal Sinus Rhythm: In a normal rhythm, the sinus node initiates atrial depolarization, resulting in a P wave with a normal axis: upright in lead II, inverted in…
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