P Wave
Results:
Not Enough P Waves (P:QRS < 1): DDx
Key Points: Fewer visible P waves than QRS complexes means some ventricular beats are not preceded by an identifiable sinus P wave. This usually reflects: Premature junctional or ventricular beats…
No Clear P Waves: DDx
Key Points: “No clear P waves” is an ECG finding, not a diagnosis. P waves may be truly absent, replaced by abnormal atrial activity, buried within the QRS or T…
Too Many P Waves (P:QRS>1): DDx
Key Points: More P waves than QRS complexes means that some atrial impulses are not activating the ventricles. The cause may be a premature atrial impulse that arrives while the…
Sinus Arrest
Key Points: Definition: Sinus arrest occurs when the sinus node temporarily fails to generate an impulse. This produces an absence of the expected P wave and its associated QRS complex….
Right Atrial Enlargement (RAE)
Key Points: RAE reflects increased right atrial size or pressure load and is usually a marker of underlying pulmonary or right-sided cardiac disease. The classic ECG clue is a tall,…
P Wave: Basics
Key Points: Definition and measurement: The P wave is atrial depolarization. Measure duration from initial deflection to return to baseline and amplitude from baseline to peak. Normal values: Duration <120…
Sinus Tachycardia
Key Points Definition: Sinus tachycardia is a regular rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, defined by a heart rate >100 bpm in adults or above age-adjusted norms in children….
Sinus Bradycardia
Key Points: Definition: Sinus bradycardia is a rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node with a rate < 60 bpm. Physiological Occurrence: Common in young, healthy adults, athletes, and during…
Abnormal P Wave Axis: DDx
Key Points Normal Sinus Rhythm: In a normal rhythm, the sinus node initiates atrial depolarization, resulting in a P wave with a normal axis: upright in lead II, inverted in…
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