Key Points: Definition: Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM) is an HCM phenotype in which hypertrophy predominantly involves the LV apex. Signature ECG: High QRS voltage with deep, symmetric T-wave inversion, classically…
Key Points: LVH reflects increased left ventricular muscle mass, usually from chronic pressure overload. Common causes include longstanding hypertension and aortic stenosis. ECG diagnosis is imperfect. Voltage criteria are specific…
Key Points: LV aneurysm pattern is a post MI scar pattern with persistent ST elevation in the prior infarct territory, usually with pathologic Q waves and a stable, non evolving…
Key Points Definition: Chronic pressure/volume overload → thickened RV (pulm HTN, congenital lesions, pulmonary disease). ECG signature: Rightward axis, dominant R in V1, deep S in V5–V6, with possible right-sided…