Irregular
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Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)
Key Points Prevalence: The most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, particularly prevalent among elderly individuals, associated with increased stroke, heart failure, and mortality risks. Mechanism: Caused by chaotic, multiple reentry circuits…
Atrial Fibrillation with RVR
Key Points Most Common Sustained Arrhythmia: Atrial Fibrillation (AFib) is the most frequently encountered sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice, particularly among the elderly population. Misdiagnosis Risk: AFib is commonly misdiagnosed…
Irregularly Irregular Rhythms
Key Points Definition: An irregularly irregular rhythm occurs when the R-R intervals or P-P intervals vary with no consistent pattern, making the rhythm unpredictable and abnormal. Clinical Significance: Identifying an…
Regularly Irregular Rhythms: Basics
Key Points Definition: A regularly irregular rhythm occurs when the distance between R-R intervals or P-P intervals varies in a consistent, repeating pattern throughout the ECG tracing. Significance: Determining the…
Wide & Irregular Tachycardia: DDx
Key Points Definition: QRS >120 ms with an irregular ventricular rate. Clinical Priority: Always first consider AF with accessory pathway (AF + WPW) and polymorphic VT (PMVT, including torsades) —…
Narrow & Irregular Tachycardia: DDx
Key Points Narrow irregular tachycardia = QRS <120 ms with variable R–R interval. The big three DDx: Atrial fibrillation (AF) with RVR, atrial flutter with variable block, multifocal atrial tachycardia…
Slow Atrial Fibrillation
Key Points Definition: Atrial fibrillation with a slow ventricular response, usually < 60 bpm. ECG: Irregularly irregular rhythm, no discrete P waves, slow R-R intervals. Common causes: AV-nodal blockers (digoxin,…
Atrial Flutter with Variable Conduction
Key Points Mechanism: Typical atrial flutter arises from a large re-entry circuit in the right atrium. The atrial rate is usually near 300 beats per minute. ECG hallmark: Continuous “saw-tooth”…
Atrial Fibrillation with WPW
Key Points: WPW Syndrome: A condition characterized by ventricular pre-excitation due to a congenital accessory pathway, often associated with symptomatic arrhythmias. ECG Recognition: The WPW pattern is best identified when…
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