Key Points Pacemaker syndrome is a hemodynamic problem caused by loss of proper atrioventricular (AV) synchrony. Most commonly occurs with ventricular pacing that produces retrograde atrial activation, but can also…
Key Points Pacemakers treat bradyarrhythmias by delivering timed atrial, ventricular, or dual-chamber pacing when intrinsic activity is slow or absent. Know the major device types encountered in the ED: single-chamber,…
Key Points: Three primary pacemaker malfunctions: Failure to pace – no pacing spike when one is needed. Failure to capture – pacing spike appears but no depolarization follows. Failure to…
Key Points Ventricular pacing changes depolarization, so ST–T segments often look “abnormal.” Expect appropriate discordance: ST/T deflect opposite the main QRS polarity. RV pacing (most common) ≈ LBBB pattern: wide…
Key Points 1. Paced Rhythms and Acute MI Detection: Ventricular paced rhythms significantly alter ST segment and T wave morphology, complicating acute myocardial infarction (MI) recognition. Accurate ECG interpretation in…