Tachyarrhythmia
Results:
Preexcitation Pitfalls (Part 2): Wide, Regular, Fast…Treat It Like VT
A young man with recurrent palpitations presents to the emergency department hemodynamically stable during an episode. The arrival ECG shows a wide complex, regular tachycardia and the computer interpretation calls…
Atrial Flutter 1:1 Conduction
Key Points: Rare, high-risk rhythm. 1:1 flutter can drive ventricular rates into the 240–320 bpm range and can rapidly cause hypotension, ischemia, or collapse. It often mimics VT. Ask “how…
WPW with Antidromic SVT (Antidromic AVRT)
Key Points: Antidromic AVRT is an AV re-entrant tachycardia that conducts antegrade down the accessory pathway and returns retrograde through the AV node (or another pathway), producing a regular wide-complex…
WPW with Orthodromic SVT (Orthodromic AVRT)
Key Points: Orthodromic AVRT is the most common tachyarrhythmia in WPW and presents as a regular narrow-complex SVT that is indistinguishable from AVNRT during the tachycardia. Mechanism: antegrade conduction down…
Baltimore City EMS ECGs: Pitfalls and Mimics (Part 1)
A 68-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by EMS with acute chest discomfort. The following prehospital ECG was obtained and shows concave ST elevation across multiple leads. The…
Three More ECG Pitfalls That Punish Anchoring Bias
A 51-year-old man with lung cancer presents with shortness of breath and tachycardia. The arrival ECG shows an S1Q3 pattern and seems to support a familiar diagnosis that would normally…
Bidirectional Ventricular Tachycardia (BiVT)
Key Points: BiVT is a regular wide-complex tachycardia with strict beat-to-beat alternation of QRS axis and/or bundle-branch pattern (often an approximately 180° frontal-plane axis flip). In adults, assume digoxin toxicity…
Torsade de Pointes (TdP)
Key Points Definition: TdP is a specific subtype of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with a prolonged QTc interval. It often presents with a “twisting” pattern on ECG but can be…
Ventricular Tachycardia (VT): Core Overview
Key Points VT is a ventricular-origin rhythm: ≥3 consecutive ventricular beats, QRS >120 ms, rate usually 120–250 bpm. Types include monomorphic VT, polymorphic VT, torsades (PMVT with long QT), ventricular…
Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) Mimics
Key Points: Initial Assumption: Any wide (QRS >120 ms), regular tachycardia should be considered ventricular tachycardia (VT) until clearly proven otherwise. VT Characteristics: VT generally has a ventricular rate of…
Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia (pVT) Arrest
Key Points Defibrillation First, Minimal Pauses: pVT is rapidly fatal without immediate shocks and high‑quality CPR. Charge defibrillator during compressions and resume compressions immediately after each shock. pVT is a…
Electrical Storm
Key Points Definition: Electrical storm is defined as three or more episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), or appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks within 24 hours. Some…
Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) Arrest
Key Points Defibrillation First, Minimal Pauses: VF is rapidly fatal without immediate shocks and high‑quality CPR. Charge during compressions and resume compressions immediately after each shock. Chaotic Electrical Activity: VF…
Ventricular Flutter (V-Flutter)
Key Points Definition: A malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmia with a regular, sine-wave–like waveform at ~250–350 bpm, no isoelectric baseline, and no discernible P/QRS/T distinction. Clinical importance: Rapidly degenerates into ventricular fibrillation…
Unstable Tachyarrhythmias
Key Points: Intervene Immediately: Unstable tachyarrhythmias pose significant risk for rapid clinical deterioration that may lead to irreversible end-organ damage or cardiac arrest. Clinical Indicators of Instability: Altered Mental Status:…
Atrioventricular Reciprocating Tachycardia (AVRT)
Key Points: AVRT is a re-entrant SVT that requires two limbs: the AV node and an accessory pathway. It is an AV node dependent tachycardia. Orthodromic AVRT conducts antegrade down…
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia (AVNRT)
Key Points: AVNRT is a paroxysmal, regular, usually narrow-complex SVT caused by a reentry circuit within or adjacent to the AV node. Dual-pathway physiology is typical. Bedside hallmark is a…
Wide & Regular Tachydysrhythmia DDx
Key Points Definition: Wide complex tachycardia (WCT) = QRS >120 ms with a steady R-R interval. This section focuses on regular WCT (RWCT). Wide & irregular rhythms are covered separately…
Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT)
Key Points Rare, inherited ventricular arrhythmia triggered by adrenergic stress during exertion or emotion. Classically presents in children or adolescents with syncope or cardiac arrest despite a normal resting ECG…
Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Key Points Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (MMVT) is the most common sustained VT. It shows a single, uniform QRS morphology throughout. Classified as sustained if lasting > 30 seconds or associated…
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