Key Points Definition and mechanics: Genetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with asymmetric LV hypertrophy, typically septal, causing dynamic LVOT obstruction from systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve. Gradient worsens when…
Key Points Definition: Chronic pressure/volume overload → thickened RV (pulm HTN, congenital lesions, pulmonary disease). ECG signature: Rightward axis, dominant R in V1, deep S in V5–V6, with possible right-sided…
Key Points Pathophysiology: Chronic pressure overload thickens the LV wall. Expect prolonged depolarization vectors and delayed repolarization that produce characteristic ECG voltage and ST-T changes. ECG signature: High precordial voltages,…
Key Points Definition: LVA is a chronic complication of prior transmural MI, caused by scar tissue formation and paradoxical wall motion. Persistent ST Elevation: ST elevation lasting > 2 weeks…
Key Points Definition: QRS voltage represents the amplitude (height) of the QRS complex on ECG, reflecting ventricular electrical activity during depolarization. High Voltage: Increased QRS voltage typically indicates ventricular hypertrophy—most…
Key Points: Definition: Low voltage QRS complexes reflect decreased myocardial electrical amplitude on ECG. Sensitive Definition (Preferred): Limb leads (I + II + III) sum < 15 mm OR precordial…
Key Points Classically associated with pericardial tamponade but seen in fewer than 30% of confirmed cases. Combination of low-voltage QRS + sinus tachycardia strongly suggests pericardial effusion/tamponade. Always perform rapid…
Key Point Always consider pericardial effusion in any patient with new low-voltage QRS complexes combined with sinus tachycardia. Prompt bedside ultrasound (POCUS) prevents diagnostic delays and potentially catastrophic outcomes. Classic…