Key Points: Pre-excitation means an accessory pathway allows atrial impulses to reach the ventricle without traversing the AV node, producing early ventricular activation. A delta wave is the defining ECG…
Key Points: Pattern vs syndrome: WPW pattern is ECG evidence of pre-excitation without symptoms. WPW syndrome is pattern plus symptomatic tachyarrhythmia (palpitations, syncope, “seizure”, aborted sudden cardiac arrest). PR interval…
Key Points: Rare, high-risk rhythm. 1:1 flutter can drive ventricular rates into the 240–320 bpm range and can rapidly cause hypotension, ischemia, or collapse. It often mimics VT. Ask “how…
Key Points: WPW alters ventricular depolarization, producing secondary repolarization abnormalities that can mimic or mask myocardial infarction. ST-segment deviation in WPW is often non-ischemic, driven by abnormal activation via the…
Key Points: Pre-excited AF is the most dangerous WPW rhythm. It can deteriorate quickly to VF because the accessory pathway may conduct atrial impulses to the ventricle at extreme rates….
Key Points: Antidromic AVRT is an AV re-entrant tachycardia that conducts antegrade down the accessory pathway and returns retrograde through the AV node (or another pathway), producing a regular wide-complex…
Key Points: Orthodromic AVRT is the most common tachyarrhythmia in WPW and presents as a regular narrow-complex SVT that is indistinguishable from AVNRT during the tachycardia. Mechanism: antegrade conduction down…
Key Points: Critical ECG patterns represent time-sensitive, life-threatening cardiac or systemic conditions that demand immediate recognition to prevent death or irreversible organ injury. These are the “can’t-miss” ECGs. Use this…
Key Points: Consistency saves lives: Use a repeatable ECG routine to reduce misses in chaotic settings. Many valid methods exist. Pick an order that fits your acute-care workflow and do…
Key Points: An ECG records voltage differences over time. The ECG tracing is a plot where the horizontal axis is time and the vertical axis is voltage. Leads are viewpoints….
Key Points: This hub organizes the core ECG basics and fundamentals into three complementary “start here” pathways: ECG definitions and measurement, how ECGs are generated and work, and the acute…
Key Points: BiVT is a regular wide-complex tachycardia with strict beat-to-beat alternation of QRS axis and/or bundle-branch pattern (often an approximately 180° frontal-plane axis flip). In adults, assume digoxin toxicity…
Key Points: The ECG’s primary role in ACS is detecting acute coronary occlusion. Acute coronary occlusion myocardial infarction (OMI) is a time-critical diagnosis that requires immediate reperfusion. Time is myocardium….
Key Points: Traditional STEMI criteria miss many acute coronary occlusions. A substantial proportion of true OMIs do not meet classic millimetric STEMI thresholds. OMI is a pathophysiologic diagnosis, not an…
Key Points: Definition: QT is measured from QRS onset to T-wave end. It reflects total ventricular depolarization plus repolarization. Use QTc: QT varies with heart rate. Interpret QTc, not the…
Key Points: The JT interval isolates ventricular repolarization by removing QRS duration from the QT. JT = QT − QRS. It is most useful when the QRS is wide, where…
Key Points: Definition: PR interval runs from P-wave onset to the first ventricular deflection (start of QRS). It reflects atrial depolarization plus conduction through the AV node and His-Purkinje system….
Key Points: The RR interval is the time between consecutive R waves. It is the most practical way to assess rate and regularity. RR is the backbone of rhythm interpretation:…
Key Points: Every ECG tracing is built from waveforms (deflections), segments (baseline portions between waveforms), and intervals (time that include waveforms plus segments). Waveforms describe electrical events (depolarization or repolarization)….
Key Points: The ECG is the fastest bedside test for rhythm, conduction, ischemia, and tox-metabolic disease. It only saves lives when interpreted systematically and acted on. In acute care, the…